Herein, a few demonstrations of thinking in the mnp and Constituent Models. This blog grows out of ongoing revisions to Appendix B of the main mnp Model document, An Architecture for the Fine-Grained Structure of Everything. One paragraph on Beta + decay of fluorine18 grew into pages on quarks and the exchange of charge material seen as basic to weak and strong exchanges.
Quark Charges
Quark charges seem to be exactly -2/3, -1/3, 1/3, and 2/3
of the elementary
charge of the electron/positron e+.
Perhaps with puzzling corrections
where the gluons seem to have a bit of charge in some types of experiment.
The mnp Model can explain those ephemera
as a result of the quarks contending for charge material.
The mnp Model uses the basic experimental result
to suggest that, mathematically and geometrically,
those charges can be formed by combinations of +1/6 and -1/6
and that the quantum of charge is actually 1/6 of the elementary
charge.
In the mnp Model, these sixths are seen as filament loops.
In the (or a) Constituent Model, the charge structure remains as just sixths
with greater affinities for like charges and less for opposite charges,
but quantized nonetheless.
Up is five positive plus one negative unit of (the new) quantized charge. Down is two positive and four negative.
Having a consistent size of charge structure for quarks has structural purity.
The sixths of a charge
picture allows
positrons and electrons be “degenerate” quarks,
which is attractive conceptually.
Current physics vocabulary does not seem to have a term for the smallest measured items with charge, so the author is casting about for alternatives. Lepton includes neutrinos but not quarks. Quarks include only fractional charges. New terms might be particulate, particulite, kwark, fepton, six-pack, six as a noun. No good word starting with f comes to mind. Fwark seems forced; the pun on fork might entertain some versed in software development but will dismay many others. For now, the author will use italic six as a noun. And call it \mnplepton in the latex source.
This picture of sixths also allows a three positive plus three negative “quark” that would be stable until it encounters another quark, when it would probably trade three of one charge or the other to convert the encountered quark into its charge opposite and produce a positron or electron.
This neutral six has not been seen in experiment, unless the Z is a candidate. Since it is more mixed in charge structure, the mass/size of the six's is expected to decrease from z to down to up to electrons and positrons.
This document will appropriate the letters n and p for the negative and positive quanta.
Those are loops that strand as six in the mnp Model and just sixths
in the Constituent Model.
Apologies to particle physics for the overlap among the 26 letters.
So the table of the charge structure of six's would be:
| Quantized Charges | Net Charge | Particle Name |
|---|---|---|
| 0n 6p | +1 | positron |
| 1n 5p | +2/3 | up |
| 2n 4p | +1/3 | anti-down |
| 3n 3p | 0 | z |
| 4n 2p | -1/3 | down |
| 5n 1p | -2/3 | anti-up |
| 6n 0p | -1 | electron |
The n and p notation is also used in discussing and diagramming the lay (layout) of filaments in
strands.
Since this document uses loop and figment indicators much more than
neutrons
and
protons
this admittedly overlaps Particle Physics use of n and p.
Again, apologies.
This sixth of the elementary charge idea has been around a long time,
at least since
Post 12 (2012-10-26) - Many New Possibilities for the Charge Structure of Matter
Neutrons Emitting Electrons
The mnp Model posits that charge material is neither created nor destroyed, though it may be hidden at times. Neutron decay needs the charge material of an additional six. From 11/04/11 (a palindromic date if we ignore the century), neutron decay wants one down quark to convert to an up, so in filament notation, the neutron pppppn nnnnpp nnnnpp becomes the proton pppppn pppppn nnnnpp. Maybe a more readable way to write that is the neutron ppp ppn/nnn npp/nnn npp or 5p 1n/2p 4n/2p 4n becomes the proton ppp ppn/ppp ppn/nnn npp or 5p 1n/5p 1n/2p 4n. A solitary neutron would need filaments nnn ppp to change to a proton and create an nnn nnn which is an electron. The spaces are used like the thousands separator in currency notation and do not indicate that six's have a three and three structure. If nnn nnn and ppp ppp are recruit-able with a big enough photon in a high energy decay/collision experiment, then nnn ppp should be available too.
Starting with
p p
p p
p N p p
n p
p P P p n n
n n n n
n n n n
One of the two down will attract an n from the z (which holds its filaments less tightly)
in exchange for the p not in contention.
p p
p p
p N p p
p p
p P P n n n
n n n n
n n n n
That down (which has changed to an anti up)
then attracts another n in exchange for the P in contention,
which is no longer in contention but an integral part of the new up.
The remaining n in the new up becomes a victim of contention as the new up tries to take the P in contention from the remaining down.
This leaves the incoming z as an up with its N in contention,
behaving and looking exactly like an up in a nucleon.
p p
p p
p N p p
p p
p P n n N p
n n n n
n n n n
which is bound to the original up and one of the original down as a proton,
leaving the electron free.
p p p p
p p p p
p N N p
p P n n
n n n n
n n n n
The mnp Model suggests that a neutron in deep, empty or cold space cannot decay unless it encounters such filament loops. Whether the six figment loop of 0 net charge item called a z (the seventh and only neutral six in the Models) actually exists is open for debate. The LEP experiment at CERN did not find such a particle.
The author does not expect single filament loops to be available in just the right numbers for recruitment,
though that is a possible explanation
if experiment never finds z's as nnn ppp six's or particles.
Single unaffiliated filament loops may well be present away from galaxies
and might be part of dark matter.
Musings About 18F9 Decay in the mnp Model
Charge material conservation and figment and filament recruitment are central to the mnp Model. As an illustration, consider 18F9 becoming 18O8, for which two modes are possible. The more common is direct positron emission, the less common electron capture.
18F9 Beta Plus Decay
To give off a positron and convert a proton into a neutron, the mnp Model attempts a mechanism as follows, in keeping with the charge material conservation principle of the Model.
For reference, up is, in sixths notation, ppp ppn. Down is nnn npp. The proton is ppp ppn/nnn ppn/ppp ppn where the two up quarks are trying to recruit the same p filament coil from the down. If the two up were trying to recruit different p filaments from the down, the reaction would complete like most weak interactions in about 10-8 seconds yielding 2 positrons and an electron.
The neutron is nnn ppn/ppp ppn/nnn ppn. The competition here can be seen as both down trying to recruit the n filament coil from the up. Or as the up is trying to recruit a p loop from each of the down. For a proton to decay to a neutron and a positron, additional charge material is needed. Picture the original proton in filament picture notation, with 12p and 6n:
n n
n n
p P
p p p p
p N N p
p p p p
This needs to become, in beta+ decay,
a neutron and a positron, with 9 n, 9p, and a 6 p positron:
p p p p
p p p p
p N p p
p P P p
n n n n
n n n n
An additional 3n and 3p is needed.
If the proton is relatively exposed in the unstable fluorine-18 nucleus,
so it is not protected by the other nucleons,
and it encounters a neutral z,
the hypothesized 3n 3p six.
n n n n
n n n p
p P p p
p p p p
p N N p
p p p p
The strongest attraction for rearrangement comes from the two up,
which have 5 p's to attract a sixth though both are already distracted by competition for one of the P's in the down.
The six z might be considered a donor by the two up's,
which would likely attract different filaments of the z.
n n n n
n n n p
p P P p
p p p N
p N p p
p p p p
Since the z is not attracting its three p's as much as the up is attracting p's,
one of the up will win a p from the z, which z then becomes a down.
Since the remaining up is trying to gain a P from the now down which has been the z,
we have the picture of a neutron with a freed positron:
n n n n
n n n n
p P P p
p N p p
p p p p
p p p p
18F9 Electron Capture
The electron capture picture starts here. This picture has been harder to develop. For an up to become a down when an electron is captured, many images of the change are possible.
From conservation of charge material, proton 5p1n 5p1n 4n2p plus an electron 6n to yield a neutron 4n2p 4n2p 5pn1 starts with a total 12p and 12n and appears to end with 3p3n. If charge material is conserved, it appears that 3p3n has disappeared. The mnp Model answer would be that a z has been created. Still, changing the quarks is not easy.
For a down quark, it would need to lose one n and gain a p.
But the result needs not just the existing down but a second.
For an up quark to become a z involves losing two p to gain n.
The closest relative to the electron is the down quark,
which would entail losing 2 n and gaining 2 p.
A direct exchange of 2 strands between electron and an up would seem to be called for.
Explaining that is a challenge, though randomize
and see what is stable emerge is one approach.
The hardest part of an electron capture explanation is starting the breakup of the electron.
The original situation in filament picture notation where capital letters indicate the filaments involved in contention shows a proton (up up down) and an energetic electron:
n n n n
n n n n
p P n n
p p p p
p N N p
p p p p
The total input is a proton, with 12p, 6n and a 6n electron.
Picture the expected result, a neutron and a positron, with 9 n, 9p,
with the disappering 3 p and 3n as a z.
p p p p
p p p n
p N n n
p P P p
n n n n
n n n n
Perhaps the simplest explanation: an electron is in proximity and with the compatible spin when a positron is created in Beta + decay and the two annihilate
to become not one but two z's.
Those z's must be of a size to absorb a reasonable amount of energy.
For a direct explanation, the electron needs to be or become energetic enough that its coils are opened up to a similar radius as the quark with which it will start exchanging.
Maybe the down wrestles an n from the electron to yield two anti up and the two up still contending for the P in the original down.
n n n n n n n n n P p n p p p p p N N p p p p pThen the new electron turned anti up tries to get an N from one or both of the up, since those N's are already accessible.
n n n n n n n n n P P n p p p p p N N p p p p pThis contention appears nominally symmetrical. That might pull one of the anti up into close proximity with a down so that the coils can more closely align. If some portion of those coils arrange to a stranding of 3p 3n of the non-contending filaments, the coils will expand to a higher radius and separate from the other. Leaving briefly
n n n p n n n n p n n P P p n p p p p N N p p p
The two 3 strands are still involved/intertwined with each other,
so the N or P might drop out of contention.
To go toward the observed result, the N would drop out and
somehow the anti up gets a p from the nascent six.
The author is not willing to end with either QED or
the simple details are left to the reader.
This is not satisfying.
Worse ideas can be found in the JNR Appendix to the main mnp document.
18F9 Electron Capture - A Better Explanation
Direct explanation, number two, is just that the electron is compatible in energy and spin to one of the up, intertwines, and some of the coils reach 3p 3n and expand to separate from the other 6 strands. The temporary result can be pictured
n n n p n n n n p n p P n p n p p p p N N p p pthe resulting six is a down, which is not interested in losing an N but in gaining one by latching onto the N already in contention, trying to give up a P.
n n p n
n n p n
p P n n p n
P n
p p p n
p N
p p
The nucleon stays intact. Voilà. With only one major appeal to magic. A slightly more satisfying explanation for electron capture. At least as a demonstration exercise in thinking about charge conservation and in recruitment toward stability, Not a total loss as a thought experiment. One hopes.
This emphasis on charge material conservation leads the author to suggest that
the cross-section values for various interactions are not single numbers
when the reaction depends on something outside
or additional to the particles involved in the reaction.
Some reactions like neutron decay may not happen in deep space, with little around.
Vacuums in proximity to mass are not empty;
energy
in the form of recruitable m 's is available.
Dark matter may be mostly recruitable,
so some regions around galaxies are not empty either.
And yet, the author finds himself, once again,
suggesting alternates to the established physics.
With no expectation of being persuasive.
Gamma Particles
From 11/05/11, another palindrommic date, Gamma particles from electron-positron destruction are seen as not just fhotons made up of \m-figments the way fhotons are pictured in the mnp Model. They are not even particles with a given size. They definitely are mostly energy, the m figments as energy released by the reaction. They also contain \ni and \p figments traveling at the speed of light. Those charge material figments are currently seen (2022) as staying organized in the quantized filament loops that provided the structure for the original particles. The mnp Model does not see the loops as being broken up by high energy reactions.
All n, p, and loop filaments n and p lack the ability to travel the very long distances that real fhotons have. Charge material will scatter faster.
If coils DO break up in high energy collisions, the individual figments will be hard to recruit into loops and thus would be seen as adding to dark matter in the current universe. Since the mnp Model sees black holes as retaining only figment count, momentum, and quantized charge material loops, this would also lead to loss of a significant portion of the only information retained in black holes. So perhaps the author's preference for the persistence of figment loops has an inherent bias toward existence.
The mnp and Constituent Models see weak interactions as the exchange of quantized charge materials between particles leading to different particles and the strong force as quarks attempting to exchange charge material but being prevented by the contention of another quark for the same quantized charge material.
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